Mefkure ~ 5 August 1944

The monument to the left shows the routes of the fateful voyages of both the
Struma and Mefkure - incidents that were three years apart, but joined together forever
in this monument. The second sculpture is a memorial to the Mefkure and to all her
lost souls resting at the bottom of the Black Sea.

The MV Mefküre (often referred to as Mefkura) was a Turkish wooden-hulled motor schooner chartered to carry Jewish Holocaust refugees from Romania to Istanbul, sailing under the Turkish and Red Cross flags. 

On August 3, 1944 three small old merchant ships, overcrowded with roughly 1,000 Jewish refugees, left the Romanian port of Constanța at about 8.30 p.m. Sailing instructions from the German naval authorities were for the Morina, with 308 passengers, to sail first, followed by the Bulbul with 390 people and last by Mefküre with 320 refugees (the exact number may be slightly different). The vessels were ordered to sail from position 43°43’N 29°08’E strictly southward, a course that would lead them directly into the Bosphorus. Armed ships of the Romanian navy escorted the convoy and provided signal flags to aid their passage from the harbor and through the mined approach areas.

On August 5, 1944, about 40 minutes after midnight, Mefküre was about 25 miles northeast of İğneada, Turkey when flares from an unknown vessel illuminated her. Mefküre failed to respond and continued on. On the same night, at 2.00 o’clock, the German radio direct finding station at Cape Pomorie in the gulf of Burgas intercepted a radio signal of the Soviet Shchuka-class submarine, Shch-215, with a bearing of 116 degrees. “This bearing crossed the course of Mefkure and the two Turkish vessels almost exactly at the area where Mefkure was sunk during that night.”

German historian Jürgen Rohwer claimed Shch-215 as the vessel which then attacked. Shch-215 fired 90 rounds from her 45-mm guns and 650 rounds from her 7.62 mm machine guns. Mefküre caught fire and sank. Her captain, Kazım Turan, and six of his crew escaped in a lifeboat but only five of the refugees survived. The number of refugees killed is unknown, but one estimate suggests it was 305 including 37 children.

On July 30, 1944 submarine Shch-215, under command of Captain 3rd Rang, A.I. Strizhak, had departed from Batum, operating at the approaches off Burgaz. This submarine, on the night to August 5, claimed the sinking of a big schooner with about 200 armed men aboard, answering the attack with rifles and light machine guns, and in addition one barkass, possibly a live boat. Shch-215 made the attack in position 42.00’N 28°42’E, at a distance of 19 nautical miles westward from the ordered course of the Mefküre.

A fortnight after the sinking, a JTA News report alleged that three surface craft had sunk Mefküre. The same report stated that Bulbul had been intercepted also, but was allowed to proceed after identifying herself; at daybreak she rescued Mefküre‍ '​s survivors. The Bulbul continued to İğneada, where her 395 refugees and the five surviving Mefküre refugees continued by road and rail to Istanbul. Morina also reached Turkey, and refugees from both ships continued overland to Palestine.

Click HERE to search a list of 301 Jews aboard the Mefkure.

Click HERE to search list of 301 Jews Aboard the Mefkure.

Tsushima Maru ~ 22 August 1944

Found at www.bowfin.org.

Tsushima Maru Sinking

Off the coast of Akusekijima
22 August 1944

Tsushima Maru from the
USS Bowfin Submarine Museum & Park

Not until more than twenty years after the end of the war did the crew of USS Bowfin learn that the unmarked, unlighted passenger-cargo vessel, Tsushima Maru, which Bowfin sank off the coast of Akusekijima on 22 August 1944, was loaded with 826 children. They, along with some of their school teachers and a few of their parents, were being transported from Okinawa to the mainland of Japan to escape the anticipated invasion of the Ryukyu Islands. Of those children, 767 were lost; only 59 were saved.

Survivors of the sinking were not allowed to speak of the incident under threats of extreme punishment.

The Convoy



Ships sailing in Convoy Namo 103 with Tsushima Maru, on 22 August 1944:

• Kazuura Maru (listed as Waura Maru in some sources): 6,804 tons. May later have been declared and used as a hospital ship by the Japanese government.
• Gyoukuu (source is unsure of transliteration) Maru. (Further information presently unavailable, although the ship may possibly be the 6,854 ton cargo vessel Gyoku Maru, which was sunk by USS Thresher (SS-200), at 35-05N, 124-24E on 18 September 1944.) 
• IJNS Hasu (destroyer, Momi or Kuri Class); Badly damaged 16 January 1945 at Hong Kong by aircraft of TF 38; surrendered September 1945 at Tsingtao and broken up 1946 at Sasebo. (from: Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945, pages 137-138.)
• IJNS Uji (gunboat); Survived the war; surrendered August 1945 and transferred to China as Chang Chi; taken over by Communists in 1949 and re-armed by 1955. (from: Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945, pp. 118-119.)

After the War

The sinking has been the subject of many articles and books published in Japan, as well as a good number of documentary broadcasts and even an animated feature film. Memorial ceremonies are held at sea at the approximate location of the sinking, and there are monuments in Naha City, Okinawa and on Akuseki Island for those lost at sea.

Recent Findings

An investigation team from the Japan Marine Science & Technology Center (JAMSTEC) found the sunken ship on 12 December 1997, in waters 10 kilometers northwest of Akuseki Island, Kagoshima Prefecture. The ship was positively identified by Dolphin 3K deep sea detection equipment, which video taped the portions of the sunken vessel and found the ship's name painted on her hull.



Following is a translation of a Waka Poem by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, for his Year-end Presentation in 1997 (Ninth Year of Heisei):

The sighting of wreck of the Tsushima-MaruFoundered, with lives
Of the young evacuees
Held in her embrace,
The ship has been discovered
Far down in the ocean depths.
Note of Interest

Recent Findings

The periscope photograph shown at right has appeared in publications both in the U.S. and Japan, misidentifying the vessel as Tsushima Maru. Because the attack occurred at night, between 2200 and 2230 (10:00 pm. and 10:30 p.m.), and the ship (confirmed by all accounts) sank in less than 15 minutes, this photo could not possibly be of Tsushima Maru. Furthermore, Bowfin did not take any photographs of this attack, and the vessel shown appears to be much smaller and of a different type than the 6,754 ton, 136 meter long passenger-cargo ship, Tsushima Maru.

767 Children Killed in 1944

When Tsushima Maru Torpedoed

On 22 August 1944, about eight months before the Battle of Okinawa, the Tsushima Maru, a passenger-cargo ship, was on her way from Naha, Okinawa, to Kagoshima, Kyushu, a destination that was altered to Nagasaki, also in Kyushu, on the first day at sea, the 21st. It carried 1,484 civilians, including 826 children. According to some of the survivors, the purpose, ironically, was evacuation, i.e., to move children to a safer place on one of the main islands. It was part of a convoy that included, in addition, three cargo vessels, a destroyer and a gunboat.

A portion of the photos of victims exhibited in the

Tsushima-maru Memorial Museum.

Click HERE to visit the Museum.

At around 10 p.m., the ship was hit by torpedoes fired from the USS Bowfin, which was under the command of CDR J. Corbus. In less than 12 minutes, the ship sank, killing most of the passengers, including 767 children. Only 59 children survived. Five of them shared their accounts of the incident: [Left to right] Mitsuko Itokazu, Kiyoshi Uehara, Tae Uehara, Masakatsu and Chiyo Takara.

At the time, the Japanese government forbade survivors to discuss the subject. Thus years passed before word of the tragedy got out. In the Bowfin’s original records, this kill was listed as just another “cargo” ship. In fact, it’s still listed as such in some accounts. More than 20 years after the war, after the U.S. learned about the civilian passengers aboard, the record was revised to “passenger-cargo,” and added to the vessel’s description was “unmarked” and “unlighted” at the time of the attack.